Company Formation in Turkey: 2025 Guide for Foreign Investors

Company Formation in Turkey: 2025 Guide for Foreign Investors. As of 2025, Turkey remains a prime destination for international entrepreneurs and companies looking to establish or expand their presence in Eurasia. Positioned strategically between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, Turkey offers a robust infrastructure, a skilled workforce, a favorable tax system, and an investor-friendly legal environment. Whether you’re entering the market via a startup or an international enterprise, Turkish company formation is easy and highly accessible to foreign investors.

Why Form a Company in Turkey?

Forming a company in Turkey provides access to a dynamic, consumption-driven economy with more than 85 million residents, access to the EU Customs Union, and strong bilateral trade agreements. Moreover, the government actively encourages foreign direct investment through comprehensive legal frameworks and incentive programs. Investors benefit from low startup costs, reduced bureaucracy, and multiple investment incentives including tax breaks, R&D support, and customs duty exemptions.

Types of Companies in Turkey

The Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) regulates the types of business entities available to foreign investors. The most common business types include:

• Limited Liability Company (LLC) – suitable for SMEs with at least one shareholder and a minimum capital of TRY 50,000.
• Joint Stock Company (JSC) – often used for larger enterprises, requires TRY 250,000 minimum capital.
• Sole Proprietorship – ideal for individual traders but offers less protection.
• Branch Office – operates under a parent company without forming a separate legal entity.
• Representative Office – conducts research and promotional activities only, no commercial transactions allowed.

Step-by-Step Guide to Forming a Company in Turkey

1. Choose Your Company Type and Name

Determine the best business structure for your goals. Ensure your proposed company name is unique and compliant with the regulations of the Trade Registry.

2. Prepare the Articles of Association

The Articles of Association must include company objectives, capital structure, management rules, and internal governance. This document is filed with the Trade Registry.

3. Obtain Tax Identification Numbers

Foreign shareholders must obtain Turkish tax identification numbers to proceed with registration, even if they are not residents.

4. Register with the Trade Registry Office

Company registration is completed at the local Trade Registry Office. This step officially recognizes the legal entity and allows it to operate commercially.

5. Open a Company Bank Account and Deposit Capital

Before registration, the capital must be deposited into a temporary bank account. Once registered, this account becomes the company’s operational account.

6. Register for Social Security and Tax

The company must be registered with the Social Security Institution (SGK) and tax authorities. This is required before hiring employees or issuing invoices.

7. Obtain Necessary Licenses and Permits

Certain sectors such as tourism, construction, or healthcare require special licenses. It’s important to consult sector-specific legal professionals.

8. Finalize Documentation

After registration, you’ll receive a tax registration certificate, SGK registration, and your company’s official ledger books from a notary.

Key Considerations for Foreign Investors

Foreign investors must understand sector-specific laws, local tax obligations, and ownership rules. In most cases, there are no restrictions on 100% foreign ownership, though industries like media or defense have caps and restrictions. Additionally, understanding cultural business norms and the legal system helps avoid delays and disputes.

Common Challenges and How to Overcome Them

• Language Barriers: Work with bilingual legal consultants to ensure clear communication.
• Document Translation: All documents must be translated into Turkish and notarized.
• Bureaucracy: Hire a local law firm to navigate regulatory processes efficiently.

How Many Days Are Needed for a Turkish Company Formation?

In general, forming a company in Turkey takes between 3 and 7 business days if all documentation is prepared correctly. With professional support, this process is highly efficient and predictable.

What are the Most Critical Legal Steps For Establishing a Turkish Company in 2025?

• Preparing notarized and translated founding documents
• Obtaining foreign shareholder tax numbers
• Filing applications with the Trade Registry
• Bank account opening and capital deposit
• Registering with tax and social security institutions

Are There Specific Legal Requirements for Foreign Founders to Start a Company in Turkey?

Yes, foreign founders must appoint a local address, obtain tax numbers, and ensure all documentation is in Turkish. No Turkish partner is required unless operating in a restricted sector. Legal representation is advisable during all steps of the process.

Tax Implications and Incentives

Corporate Income Tax

As of 2025, the corporate income tax rate in Turkey is 20%, though rates may vary depending on economic policies. Tax declarations must be filed quarterly, with final returns due annually.

Investment Incentives

Foreign investors can benefit from programs offering customs duty exemptions, VAT refunds, social security premium support, and interest rate subsidies. These vary by sector and location.

Transfer Pricing Regulations

Turkey has transfer pricing rules in line with OECD standards. Companies engaging in intra-group transactions must maintain proper documentation and conduct arm’s-length pricing analyses.

Banking and Financial Considerations

Turkey has a modern banking system regulated by the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency (BDDK). All business transactions must go through corporate bank accounts. Currency controls are minimal, and profits can be repatriated freely.

Employment Law and Human Resources

Companies must comply with the Turkish Labor Law, which governs employee rights, severance pay, work permits, and unionization. Employers must provide employment contracts, register employees, and adhere to minimum wage and safety regulations.

Ongoing Compliance and Reporting Requirements

• Annual general assembly meetings must be held and documented.
• Financial statements must be audited for large companies (JSCs).
• Monthly tax returns, social security filings, and VAT declarations are mandatory.
• Any changes in shareholders, directors, or address must be reported to the Trade Registry.

How Does the Turkish Legal System Treat Foreign Ownership in Different Company Types?

1. Capital Companies: Limited Liability Company (LLC) and Joint Stock Company (JSC)

Foreign nationals may own 100% of the shares in both LLCs and JSCs. These structures are highly preferred for their liability protections and regulatory clarity.

2. Sole Proprietorships and Personal Companies (Collective Company, Ordinary Limited Partnership)

While these structures are permitted, they are less common due to unlimited liability for founders. Foreign ownership is possible but less practical for serious investment ventures.

3. Sector-Specific Restrictions

Sectors such as aviation, broadcasting, and energy may impose limitations on foreign ownership. Consultation with legal experts is essential in these fields.

4. Legal Safeguards and Dispute Resolution

Foreign investors have full access to Turkish commercial courts and arbitration options. The system supports fair treatment and the enforcement of international arbitral awards.

Summary Table: Turkish Company Formation Roadmap

Bank Account Opening for Your Company

Opening a business bank account is mandatory for capital deposit and daily operations. You will need the trade registry gazette, tax certificate, and authorized signature circular. Most banks in Turkey offer English-speaking services for corporate clients.

Conclusion & Suggestions for Establishing a Company in Turkey

Turkey continues to stand out as a business-friendly destination for international investors in 2025. With a stable legal system, affordable setup processes, and substantial government support, forming a company in Turkey is both practical and profitable. However, success depends on thorough preparation and legal guidance.

Reach Us to Form a Company in Turkey

If you’re ready to take the next step in expanding your business, contact Ongur & Partners International Law Firm for expert guidance. Our team of experienced Turkish company formation lawyers ensures that every legal and regulatory requirement is handled swiftly and accurately, so you can focus on growing your business.